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Topping off Your Fuel Tank
If you exercise hard, you need to understand the importance of carbohydrate in your diet. Knowing how much carbohydrate to consume before, during, and after competition and training are important to athletic performance.

The average male athlete can store about 1,500 to 1,900 kilocalories (kcal) of carbohydrate: 60-80 kcal in the blood, 360-440 kcal in the liver and 1,300 to 1,400 kcal in the muscles. Two hours of exercise or a 20 mile run can deplete liver and muscle glycogen (stored carbohydrates) levels. Obvious signs of glycogen depletion are heavy, tired muscles, poor performance and possibly complete fatigue.

An athlete in hard training and competition can use several approaches to assure optimal carbohydrate stores before, during and after competition and training. Knowing how and when to consume carbohydrates will lead to improved performance and recovery.

On This Page
High-Carbohydrate Diets
Carbo-Loading
Pre-Event Carb-Boosting
Carbohydrate during Exercise
Post-Event Loading
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High-Carbohydrate Diets
Normal training diets should ideally be high in carbohydrate, low in fat and protein, so that the body is accustomed to taking in carbohydrates throughout the day. If your daily intake of carbohydrate is not at least 60 percent of the daily caloric intake, you may not be replenishing your liver and muscle glycogen stores and these levels will drop below normal and stay there. Not being able to train consistently on a day-to-day basis may be a sign of chronic glycogen depletion.
 

To prevent chronic depletion of glycogen you need to consume approximately eight to nine grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight on a daily basis. One gram of carbohydrate equals 4 kilocalories and a kilogram equals 2.2 pounds. This carbohydrate can be in the form of complex carbohydrates (breads, pasta, potatoes, etc.) or in the form of simple sugars (fruits, sweets, etc.).

Many athletes find it hard to eat such large quantities of carbohydrates. In these circumstances, a liquid, high-carbohydrate source such as Carbohydrate Sports Drinks is convenient. If mixed to the manufacturer's instructions, they contain between 20 to 25 percent carbohydrate, ideally in the form of glucose polymers, which, unlike fructose, will not draw excess water into the gut. This concentration is about 3 to 4 times that found in so-called commercial sports drinks.

 
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Carbo-Loading
Carbohydrate loading, also known as super-compensation, aims to prevent the onset of fatigue during endurance events. If completed properly, carbo-loading can almost double the normal amount of stored carbohydrate found in a trained person.

Sports nutritionists recommend increasing carbohydrate intake to at least nine to 10 grams per kilogram of bodyweight (70 percent of dietary kilocalories) two to three days before an event.

This can be achieved by altering your training load and diet over a seven day period before the race. Moderate training and normal diet should be followed for the first four days. For the remaining three days, low to moderate intensity exercise and a high carbohydrate diet should be followed.

Carbo-loading also means reducing training load and resting the muscles to allow them to become completely loaded with glycogen. Since you want to start the race with as much glycogen as possible, resting (low to moderate intensity exercise) is as important as eating in the process of super-compensation.

A new, modified-loading regime developed by Michael Sherman from Ohio State University is unlike the traditional method of following a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, at the beginning of the week, to keep the glycogen content of the muscle low. The traditional method was shown to have an adverse effect on athletes who showed signs of excessive fatigue, headaches, and irritability and were not able to train or perform mental tasks properly. High carbohydrate supplement drinks can help assure ample carbohydrate intake during super-compensation programs.

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Pre-Event Carb-Boosting
Consuming carbohydrates meals within six hours of competition can help ensure that you will have topped-off your liver and glycogen stores before the start of competition. The liver, which helps maintain blood glucose levels, needs to be refilled on a regular basis to maintain its glycogen stores. Even if you have followed a carbo-loading program in the days leading up to competition, it would be wise to eat or drink 75 to 200 grams of carbohydrate in the final hours before competition. Your last—minute carbohydrate needs will vary according to your body size and caloric output in the race. Once again, high-carbohydrate drinks are ideal in this situation. (also see Carbo-Diet)

During the final minutes before the start, drink about 10 to 12 ounces of a sports drink (six to 10 percent solution) to top off your stomach with fluids. This may produce discomfort in some athletes' stomachs when starting an endurance race, so get into the habit of drinking this much in practice.

bulletCarbohydrate during Exercise

Ask the Expert about Carbohydrates Drinks (click)

Sports Supplements

Unlike sports drinks, high-carbohydrate drinks should not be consumed during exercise. Their high concentration of carbohydrate delays emptying of the stomach during exercise, which can lead to nausea and stomach cramps. During exercise, consume traditional sports drinks in the range of six to 10 percent carbohydrate.

It is crucial to your health and performance that you hydrate during training as well as during a race. Drink eight ounces of an energy drink every 15 to 20 minutes, whether you are thirsty or not. During exercise, the body not only loses fluid, but carbohydrate stores are significantly depleted. Drinking water may replace body fluids, but it will not provide glucose for working muscles. A sports or athletic drink will not only replace fluid but also provide energy to the working muscles.

 
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Post-Event Loading
Recent research by Dr. John Ivy of the University of Texas has shown that consuming carbohydrates with a little bit of protein in the first two hours after exercise is important to rapidly restore glycogen to the muscles. You should consume 1 gram per kilogram of bodyweight in the initial 30 minutes and then consume 1 gram per kilogram every two hours for the next four to six hours after exercise.

Carbohydrate in liquid or solid form can be consumed with similar results. However, liquid high-carbohydrate supplements or "metabolic optimizers" are recommended because they are easy to digest and less filling, and have little affect on appetite. By definition, metabolic optimizer products are high in carbohydrate, but contain adequate amounts of protein, vitamins and minerals to help rebuild your muscles. They also provide fluids to aid in rehydration. Drinking and eating carbohydrates in the immediate time period after exercise keeps glucose and insulin levels high and ensures that the "glycogen pump" stays primed. Once again, remember to consume eight to nine grams of carbohydrate per kilogram in the 20 to 24 hours between training sessions and competitions.

In summary, carbohydrates are the primary fuel source for the muscles. If you consume enough carbohydrates before, during and after exercise they will be able to train harder and longer, and perform better in competition. A high-carbohydrate supplement will enable you to obtain adequate carbohydrates without the bulk of food.

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